Sunday, 20 April 2008
¿O sera mejor aprender Italiano por se más útil hoy en día?
http://latinum.mypodcast.com/ es el único podcast que conozco para aprender latín.
ah! e se você quiser aprender latim
ah! e se você quiser aprender latim mesmo, posso te dar umas dicas ;O). supondo que você saiba inglês, já te deixo uma: um site em que há lições áudio-orais da língua, que acompanham o programa de uma gramática que também se pode baixar gratuitamente, por acaso de um autor chamado Adler (!):
http://latinum.mypodcast.com/
http://latinum.mypodcast.com/
Wednesday, 9 April 2008
Latin Grammar Notes
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THE LATIN LANGUAGE LEARNING PODCAST FROM LONDON | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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CASE | I | II | III | IIII | V |
NOMINATIVE | A | US | CLONES TRAX | US | ES |
VOCATIVE | A | E | CLONES TRAX | US | ES |
ACCUSATIVE | AM | UM | EM | UM | EM |
ABLATIVE | A | O | E | U | E |
DATIVE | AE | O | I | UI | EI |
GENITIVE | AE | I | IS | US | EI |
MEMORISE:
AH-AH-UM-A-AE-AE; ( AH AH UM A AE)
US-E-UM-OO-I ( MUSEUM OOEE)
CLONE'S TRAX EM-E-I-IS ( CLONE'S TRAX AMAZE)
US-UM- U- UI- US (USE 'EM YOU USE)
ES-ES-EM-E-EI-E (S & M E HEY!)
Some notes: Just say these one after the other, and then write them down. The words in brackets are rough equivalents that help with memorisation.
PLURALS
CASE | I | II | III | IIII | V |
NOMINATIVE | AE | I | ES | US | ES |
VOCATIVE | AE | I | ES | US | ES |
ACCUSATIVE | AS | OS | ES | US | ES |
ABLATIVE | IS | IS | IBUS | IBUS | EBUS |
DATIVE | IS | IS | IBUS | IBUS | EBUS |
GENITIVE | ARUM | ORUM | UM | UUM | ERUM |
MEMORISE:
AE-AE-AS-IS-ARUM ( I 'AS 'IS ARM I.E. "I HAVE HIS ARM")
I-I-OS-IS-ORUM ( EE -OS-'IS-ORM I.E. "HE HAS HIS ARM")
ES-IBUS-UM (EASY BOSOM)
US -IBUS -UUM ( USE 'E BOSOM I.E. "USE YE BOSOM")
ES - EBUS -ERUM (EASY BOSERUM)
Note the 'rule of two' the first two declensions have the first two cases the same.
The 'rule of three' - the next three have the first three cases the same.
Neuters always follow the 'rule of three'
ADJECTIVES:
Learn your adjectives in the order Feminine, Masculine, Neuter, NOT masc, fem,neuter, as in all grammar books.
Then, the adjective will follow the order of the declensions, and will give clearer patterns for memorising. Here are the endings for adjectives that are declined like BONUS.
CASE | FEMININE (follows 1st declension form) | MASCULINE (follows 2nd declension form) | NEUTER (follows masculine) |
NOMINATIVE | A | US | UM |
VOCATIVE | A | E | UM |
ACCUSATIVE | AM | UM | UM |
ABLATIVE | A | O | O |
DATIVE | AE | O | O |
GENITIVE | AE | I | I |
Note the neuter of the adjective is a neutered masculine. Thus, it follows the form of the masculine, except if has the 'rule of three' for the first three cases. Putting it next to the masculine makes it easier to memorise.
CASE | FEMININE plural (follows 1st declension form) | MASCULINE plural (follows 2nd declension form) | NEUTER plural (follows masculine) |
NOMINATIVE | AE | I | A |
VOCATIVE | AE | I | A |
ACCUSATIVE | AS | OS | A |
ABLATIVE | IS | IS | IS |
DATIVE | IS | IS | IS |
GENITIVE | ARUM | ORUM | ORUM |
A COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING FORMS COMPARED TO FIRST DECLENSION FEMININE SINGULAR. THERE IS SOME IRREGULARITY, BUT EVEN HERE THERE ARE PATTERNS.
CASE | FEMININE SING | |||||||||
NOMINATIVE | HAEC | MUSA | BONA | MEA | ILLA | IPSA | ISTA | EA | ||
VOCATIVE | O | MUSA | BONA | MEA | ||||||
ACCUSATIVE | HANC | MUSAM | BONAM | MEAM | ILLAM | IPSAM | ISTAM | EAM | ||
ABLATIVE | HAC | MUSA | BONA | MEA | ILLA | IPSA | ISTA | EA | ||
DATIVE | HUIC | MUSAE | BONAE | MEAE | ILLI | IPSI | ISTI | EI | ||
GENITIVE | HUJUS | MUSAE | BONAE | MEAE | ILLIUS | IPSIUS | ISTIUS | EJUS |
A COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING FORMS COMPARED TO FIRST DECLENSION FEMININE PLURAL. NOTE THE REGULARILY OF THE FORMS. MASCULINE PLURAL FORMS ALSO SHOW REGULARITY.
CASE | FEM. PLURAL | |||||||||
NOMINATIVE | HAE | MUSAE | BONAE | MEAE | ILLAE | IPSAE | ISTAE | EAE | QUAE | NOSTRAE |
VOCATIVE | MUSAE | BONAE | MEAE | NOSTRAE | ||||||
ACCUSATIVE | HAS | MUSAS | BONAS | MEAS | ILLAS | IPSAS | ISTAS | EAS | QUAS | NOSTRAS |
ABLATIVE | HIS | MUSIS | BONIS | MEIS | ILLIS | IPSIS | ISTIS | EIS | QUEIS | NOSTRIS |
DATIVE | HIS | MUSIS | BONIS | MEIS | ILLIS | IPSIS | ISTIS | EIS | QUEIS | NOSTRIS |
GENITIVE | HARUM | MUSARUM | BONARUM | MEARUM | ILLARUM | IPSARUM | ISTARUM | EARUM | QUARUM | NOSTRARUM |
A COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING FORMS COMPARED TO SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE SINGULAR. THERE IS SOME IRREGULARITY, BUT EVEN HERE THERE ARE PATTERNS.
CASE | MASC SING. | ||||||||
NOMINATIVE | HIC | DOMINUS | BONUS | MEUS | ILLE | IPSE | IS | QUIS | |
VOCATIVE | O | DOMINE | BONE | MI | |||||
ACCUSATIVE | HUNC | DOMINUM | BONUM | MEUM | ILLUM | IPSUM | EUM | QUEM | |
ABLATIVE | HOC | DOMINO | BONO | MEO | ILLO | IPSO | EO | QUO | |
DATIVE | HUIC | DOMINO | BONO | MEO | ILLI | IPSI | EI | CUI | |
GENITIVE | HUJUS | DOMINI | BONI | MEI | ILLIUS | IPSIUS | EJUS | CUJUS |
A COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING FORMS COMPARED TO SECOND DECLENSION MASCULINE PLURAL. NOTE THE REGULARILY OF THE FORMS. FEMININE PLURAL FORMS ALSO SHOW REGULARITY.
CASE | MASC PLURAL | ||||||||
NOMINATIVE | HI | DOMINI | BONI | MEI | ILLI | IPSI | ISTI | II | QUI |
VOCATIVE | O | DOMINI | BONI | MEI | |||||
ACCUSATIVE | HOS | DOMINOS | BONOS | MEOS | ILLOS | IPSOS | ISTOS | EOS | QUOS |
ABLATIVE | HIS | DOMINIS | BONIS | MEIS | ILLIS | IPSIS | ISTIS | EIS | QUEIS [quibus] |
DATIVE | HIS | DOMINIS | BONIS | MEIS | ILLIS | IPSIS | ISTIS | EIS | QUEIS [quibus] |
GENITIVE | HORUM | DOMINORUM | BONORUM | MEORUM | ILLORUM | IPSORUM | ISTORUM | EORUM | QUORUM |
MORE PATTERNS IN ADJECTIVES (in the singular)
OBSERVE: ADJECTIVES THAT ARE LIKE BONUS, USE THE ACCUSATIVE ENDING FOR THE FIRST THREE CASES OF THE NEUTER IN THE SINGULAR.
CASE | FEMININE (follows 1st declension form) | MASCULINE (follows 2nd declension form) | NEUTER (follows masculine) |
NOMINATIVE | A | US | UM |
VOCATIVE | A | E | UM |
ACCUSATIVE | AM | UM | UM |
ABLATIVE | A | O | O |
DATIVE | AE | O | O |
GENITIVE | AE | I | I |
OBSERVE: ADJECTIVES THAT ARE LIKE PULCHER FORM THEIR SINGULARS AS FOLLOWS: NEUTER ENDING IS THE SAME AS THE MASC. ACCUSATIVE ENDING. Note - the exception (marked in red) is in the name of the adjective, so is easy to remember.
CASE | FEMININE (roughly follows 1st declension form) | MASCULINE (roughly follows 2nd declension form) | NEUTER (follows masculine) |
NOMINATIVE | RA | ER | UM |
VOCATIVE | RA | ER | UM |
ACCUSATIVE | AM | UM | UM |
ABLATIVE | A | O | O |
DATIVE | AE | O | O |
GENITIVE | AE | I | I |
OBSERVE: ADJECTIVES THAT ARE LIKE TURPIS FORM THEIR SINGULARS AS FOLLOWS: FEMININE AND MASCULINE ARE THE SAME, THE NEUTER REMAINS AS A NEUTER OF THE MASCULINE (& FEM. ). NOTE THE SIMILARITY OF THE NEUTER ENDINGS TO THE ACCUSATIVE ENDING.
CASE | FEMININE (roughly follows 3ND declension form) | MASCULINE (roughly follows 3ND declension form) | NEUTER (follows masculine) |
NOMINATIVE | IS | IS | E |
VOCATIVE | IS | IS | E |
ACCUSATIVE | EM | EM | E |
ABLATIVE | I | I | I |
DATIVE | I | I | I |
GENITIVE | IS | IS | IS |
OBSERVE: ADJECTIVES THAT ARE LIKE ACER ( SIMILAR TO TURPIS ABOVE) FORM THEIR SINGULARS AS FOLLOWS: NOTE THE SIMILARITY OF THE NEUTER ENDING TO THE ACCUSATIVE ENDINGS. Note, the exception (marked in red) is in the name of the adjective, making it easier to recall.
CASE | FEMININE (roughly follows 3RD declension form) | MASCULINE (roughly follows 3RD declension form) | NEUTER (follows masculine) |
NOMINATIVE | IS | ER [IS] | E |
VOCATIVE | IS | ER [IS] | E |
ACCUSATIVE | EM | EM | E |
ABLATIVE | I | I | I |
DATIVE | I | I | I |
GENITIVE | IS | IS | IS |
Latinum Journal
Did the Romans Sing their Poetry Greek Style?
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